Incoterms

Incoterms

WHAT INCOTERMS ARE - INCOTERMS are a set of three-letter standard trade terms most commonly used in international contracts for the sale of goods. First published in 1936, INCOTERMS provide internationally accepted definitions and rules of interpretation for most common commercial terms. In the US, INCOTERMS are increasingly used in domestic sales contracts rather than UCC shipment and delivery terms.

WHAT INCOTERMS DO - INCOTERMS inform the sales contract by defining the respective obligations, costs and risks involved in the delivery of goods from the Seller to the Buyer.

WHAT INCOTERMS DO NOT DO - INCOTERMS by themselves DO NOT:

• Constitute a contract;
• Supersede the law governing the contract;
• Define where title transfers; nor,
• Address the price payable, currency or credit terms.
These items are defined by the express terms in the sales contract and by the governing law.

INCOTERMS 2010 are grouped into two classes:

1. TERMS FOR ANY TRANSPORT MODE

• EXW - EX WORKS
  The Seller's only responsibility is to make the goods available at the Seller's premises. The Buyer bears full costs and risks of moving the goods from there to destination.
• FCA - FREE CARRIER The Seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier selected by the Buyer. The Seller loads the goods if the carrier pickup is at the Seller's premises. From that point, the Buyer bears the costs and risks of moving the goods to destination.


• CPT - CARRIAGE PAID TO (... named place of destination)
  The Seller pays for moving the goods to destination. From the time the goods are transferred to the first carrier, the Buyer bears the risks of loss or damage.


• CIP - CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO
  The Seller pays for moving the goods to destination. From the time the goods are transferred to the first carrier, the Buyer bears the risks of loss or damage. The Seller, however, purchases the cargo insurance.


• DAT - DELIVERED AT TERMINAL
  The Seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the Buyer's disposal at a named terminal at the named port or place of destination. "Terminal" includes any place, whether covered or not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal. The Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination.


• DAP - DELIVERED AT PLACE
  The Seller delivers when the goods are placed at the Buyer's disposal on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the names place of destination. The Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place.


• DDP - DELIVERED DUTY PAID
  The Seller delivers the goods -cleared for import - to the Buyer at destination. The Seller bears all costs and risks of moving the goods to destination, including the payment of Customs duties and taxes.

2. MARITIME-ONLY TERMS
• FAS - FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP
  The Seller delivers the goods to the origin port. From that point, the Buyer bears all costs and risks of loss or damage.


• FOB - FREE ON BOARD
  The Seller delivers the goods on board the ship and clears the goods for export. From that point, the Buyer bears all costs and risks of loss or damage.


• CFR - COST AND FREIGHT
  The Seller clears the goods for export and pays the costs of moving the goods to destination. The Buyer bears all risks of loss or damage.


• CIF - COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT
  The Seller clears the goods for export and pays the costs of moving the goods to the port of destination. The Buyer bears all risks of loss or damage. The Seller, however, purchases the cargo insurance.

什么是国际贸易术语解释通则 - 国际贸易术语解释通则是一组三字母标准贸易术语，最常用于国际货物销售合同中。 INCOTERMS 于 1936 年首次发布，为最常见的商业术语提供了国际公认的定义和解释规则。在美国，国内销售合同中越来越多地使用 INCOTERMS，而不是 UCC 装运和交货条款。

国际贸易术语解释通则的作用 - 国际贸易术语解释通则通过定义卖方向买方交付货物所涉及的相应义务、成本和风险来告知销售合同。

国际贸易术语解释通则不做什么 - 国际贸易术语解释通则本身不做什么:

• 构成合同
• 取代管辖合同的法律
• 定义所有权转移地点；也不，
• 说明应付价格、货币或信用条件。
这些项目由销售合同中的明确条款和适用法律定义。

INCOTERMS 2010 分为两类

1. 适用于任何运输方式的条款

• EXW - 工厂交货
  卖方的唯一责任是在卖方场所提供货物。买方承担将货物从那里运至目的地的全部费用和风险。
• FCA-- 自由承运人 卖方将办理出口清关的货物交付给买方选择的承运人。如果承运人在卖方场所取货，则卖方将装载货物。从那时起，买方承担将货物运至目的地的费用和风险。


• CPT - 运费支付至（...指定目的地）
  卖方支付将货物运至目的地的费用。自货物转移至第一承运人之日起，买方承担灭失或损坏的风险。


• CIP - 运费和保险费支付至
  卖方支付将货物运至目的地的费用。自货物转移至第一承运人之日起，买方承担灭失或损坏的风险。然而，卖方购买了货物保险。


• DAT - 在码头交付
  当货物从到达的运输工具卸下后，在指定港口或目的地的指定码头交由买方处置时，卖方即交货。 “码头”包括任何地方，无论是否有遮盖，例如码头、仓库、集装箱堆场或公路、铁路或航空货运站。 卖方承担将货物运至指定港口或目的地的码头并在其卸货时涉及的所有风险。


• DAP - 就地交付
  当货物被放置在到达的运输工具上并准备在目的地指定地点卸货时，卖方即完成交货。卖方承担将货物运至指定地点所涉及的所有风险。


• DDP——完税后交货
  卖方将已办理进口清关的货物在目的地交付给买方。卖方承担将货物运至目的地的所有费用和风险，包括支付关税和税费。

2. 仅海运条款
• FAS - 船边免费
  卖方将货物运送至始发港。从那时起，买方承担所有费用以及损失或损坏的风险。


• FOB - 船上免费
  卖方将货物交付船上并办理出口清关。从那时起，买方承担所有费用以及损失或损坏的风险。


• CFR——成本加运费
  卖方办理出口货物清关并支付将货物运至目的地的费用。买方承担所有损失或损坏的风险。


• CIF - 成本保险和运费
  卖方办理出口货物清关并支付将货物运至目的港的费用。买方承担所有损失或损坏的风险。然而，卖方购买了货物保险。